Largest empires by land area and population

For context, note that the total land area of the Earth is just under 149 million km².^[1]

All empires at their greatest extent

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Empire	Land area (million km2)	Contiguous[original research?]	Era	Population (million)	% of world population
11a	0	a	-9999	0	0
British Empire	33.7	No	1922[2]	458 (in 1938)[3]	23.1% (458 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)[3]
Mongol Empire	33.0	Yes	1270 or 1309[4]	110.0 (in the 13th century)[5]	25.6% (110.0 million out of 429 million[6] in the 13th century)
Russian Empire	23.7	Yes	1866[7][8]	176.4 in 1913	9.8% (176.4 million out of 1.791 billion[9] in 1913)
Spanish Empire	20.0	No	1740-1790 approx[10]	68.2 [11]	12.3% (68.2 million out of 556 million[9] in the 17th century)
Qing Empire, China	14.7	Yes	1790[7][8]	432.2 in 1851.[12]	36.6% (381.0 million out of 1.041 billion in 1820)[9]
Yuan Dynasty	14.0	Yes	1310[8]	59.8 in 1291.[13][14]	17.1% (59.8 million out of 350 million in 1290)
Umayyad Caliphate	13.0	Yes	720 or 750[15]	62.0 (in the 8th century)[16]	29.5% (62.0 million out of 210 million[17] in the 7th century AD)
Second French Colonial Empire	13.0	No	1938[10]	112.9 in 1938	5.1% (112.9 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)
Abbasid Caliphate	11.1	Yes	750[8]		20.0% (50.0 million out of 250 million in 850)[9]
Portuguese Empire	10.4	No	1815[10]
Rashidun Caliphate	9.0	Yes	654[8][18]		19.1% (40.3 million out of 210 million in 7th century)
Empire of Brazil	8.5	Yes	1880, similar to the Federative Republic of Brazil of today [10]
Achaemenid Empire, Persia	8.0	Yes	BC 480[19]	49.4 (in the 5th century BC)[20]	44.0% (49.4 million out of 112.4 million[21] in the 5th century BC/480 BC)[20]
Japanese Empire	7.4	No	1942[10]	134.8 in 1938	5.9% (134.8 million out of 2.295 billion[9] in 1938)
Han Empire, China	6.5	Yes	100[22]	74.0 in 2[13][23]	26.0% (59.6 million out of 230 million[9] in 2 AD)
Ming Empire, China	6.5	Yes	1450[7][8]	110.0 in 1600.[24][25]	28.8% (160.0 million out of 556.2 million in 1600)[9]
Roman Empire	6.5	Yes	117[26]	80.0 (in 2nd century AD)[27][28]	35.9% (80.0 million out of 223 million[27] in the 2nd century AD)
Nazi Germany	6.4	Yes	1942	75.4 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938
Göktürk Khaganate	6.0	Yes	557[7][22]
Golden Horde Khanate	6.0	Yes	1310[7][8]
Uyghur Khaganate	5.5	Yes	800[7][8]
Tang Empire, China	5.4	Yes	715[7][8]	53.0 in 755[13][29]	28.0% (70.0 million out of 250 million in 850 AD)[9]
Empire of Alexander	5.2	Yes	BC 323[7][30]
Ottoman Empire	5.2	Yes	1683[7][8]		7.1% (39.0 million out of 556 million[9] in the 17th century)
Fatimid Caliphate	5.1	Yes	969[7][8]
Maurya Empire, India	5.0	Yes	BC 250[7]	50.0 in the 2nd century BC	33.3% (50.0 million out of 150 million in the 2nd century BC[31])
Northern Yuan Dynasty, Mongolia	5.0	Yes	1550[8]
First Mexican Empire	4.9	Yes	1822[citation needed]
Xin Dynasty, China	4.7	Yes	10[22]
Tufan Tibet Empire	4.6	Yes	800[7][8]
Timurid Empire	4.6	Yes	1405[7][8]
Mughal Empire, India	4.6	Yes	1690[7][8]	175.0 in 1700	29.2% (175.0 million out of 600 million[32] in 1700)
Xiongnu Empire	4.03	Yes	BC 176[33]
Pala Empire, India	4.0	Yes	850		24.0% (60.0 million out of 250 million in 850)[9]
Hunnic Empire	4.0	Yes	441[22]
Hepthalite Khanate White Huns, India	4.0	Yes	490[22]
Eastern Turks Khanate	4.0	Yes	624[22]
Afsharid Dynasty, Persia	4.0	Yes	1747[citation needed]
Western Turks Khanate	4.0	Yes	630[22]
Rouran Khaganate Juan-juan	4.0	Yes	405[7][22]
Karkota Dynasty Kashmir, India	4.0	Yes	750[7][8]
Seleucid Empire	3.9	Yes	BC 301[7][30]
Great Seljuq Empire	3.9	Yes	1080[7][8]
Italian Empire	3.8	No	1940[citation needed]	51.9 in 1938	2.3% (51.9 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)
Kushan Empire, India	3.8	Yes	200[22]		19.0% (42.37 million out of 223 million in 140)[9]
Ilkhanate	3.75	Yes	1310[7][8]
Dutch Empire	3.7	No	1940[citation needed]	60.0 in 1940.	3.5% (60.0 million out of 1.700 billion in 1907)
Chola Dynasty, India	3.6	Yes	1050[34][35]
Khwarazmian Empire	3.6	Yes	1218[8]
Sassanid Empire, Persia	3.5	Yes	550[7]	78.0 (in the 7th century AD)	37.1% (78.0 million out of 210 million[17] in the 7th century AD)
Gupta Empire, India	3.5	Yes	400[7]		26.36% (58.0 million out of 220 million in 400 AD) [3]
Chagatai Khanate	3.5	Yes	1310 or 1350[7][8]
Safavid Dynasty, Persia	3.5	Yes	1512[citation needed]
German Colonial Empire	3.5	No	1914[citation needed]	64.9 in 1914	3.7% (64.9 million out of 1.753 billion in 1910)
Western Jin Dynasty, China	3.5	Yes	300[22]	48.0 in 1195.[13][36]
Shaybanid Uzbek Dynasty	3.5	Yes	1510[8]
Byzantine Empire	3.5	Yes	555[22]
Song Dynasty Northern Song, China	3.5	Yes	1100[7][8]	123.0 in 1103[13][37]	22.0% (59.0 million out of 268 million in 1000)[9]
Ghaznavid Empire, Persia	3.4	Yes	1029[7][8]
First French Colonial Empire	3.4	No	1670[8]
Almoravid Caliphate	3.3	Yes	1147[8]
Tughlaq Dynasty, India	3.2	Yes	1320[8]		18.91% (70.0 million out of 370 million in 1330)[9]
Ghurids Sultanate, Persia	3.2	Yes	1200[8]
Sui Dynasty, China	3.1	Yes	610[8]	53.0 in 606[13][38]
Khazar Khanate	3.0	Yes	850[7]
Kalmar Union	3.0	Yes	1397[citation needed]
Kievan Rus'	3.0	Yes	1050[7][8]
Kara-Khanid Khanate	3.0	Yes	1025[8]
Qajar Dynasty, Persia	3.0	Yes	1796[citation needed]
Danish colonial empire	3.0	No	1800[citation needed]
Grand Duchy of Moscow	3.0	Yes	1505[citation needed]
Samanid Dynasty, Persia	2.85	Yes	928[7][8]
Median Empire	2.8	Yes	BC 585[7][30]
Qin Dynasty, China	2.8	Yes	BC 206[22]
Parthian Empire, Persia	2.8	Yes	1[7][30]
Eastern Jin Dynasty, China	2.8	Yes	347[22]
Liu Song Dynasty, China	2.8	Yes	420[22]
Khilji Dynasty, India	2.7	Yes	1312 or 1320[7][8]
Ayyubid Caliphate	2.7	Yes	1190[7]
Majapahit Empire	2.7	No	1389[22]
Liao Dynasty, China	2.6	Yes	947[7][8]
Indo-Greek Yavana Kingdom,India	2.5	Yes	BC 150[22]
Bactrian Empire	2.5	Yes	BC 184[22]
Later Zhao Dynasty, China	2.5	Yes	329[22]
Maratha Empire, India	2.5	Yes	1760[7]
Belgian Empire	2.5	No	1914[citation needed]
Kara-Khitan Khanate Western Liao	2.5	Yes	1210[7]
Jin Dynasty Jurchen, China	2.3	Yes	1126[7][8]
Southern Qi Dynasty, China	2.3	Yes	502[22]
Southern Song Dynasty, China	2.1	Yes	1127[8]	73.0 in 1193.[13][39]
Bahriyya Mamluks, Egypt	2.1	Yes	1300[8]
Burjiyya Mamluks, Egypt	2.1	Yes	1400[7]
First French Empire	2.1	Yes	1813[8]
Wei Dynasty, China	2.0	Yes	263[22]
Earlier Zhao Dynasty, China	2.0	Yes	316[22]	64 in 156[13][40]
Former Qin Dynasty, China	2.0	Yes	376[22]
Western Roman Empire	2.0	Yes	395[22]
Northern Wei Dynasty, China	2.0	Yes	450[22]
Saffarid Dynasty, Persia	2.0	Yes	900[citation needed]
Almohad Caliphate	2.0	Yes	1200[7]
Satavahana Dynasty Salivahana, India	2.0	Yes	90 AD[22]
Inca Empire	2.0	Yes	1527[7][8]
Gurjara Pratihara Dynasty, India	1.8	Yes	860[8]
Sibir Khanate	1.8	Yes	1520[8]
Rashtrakuta Dynasty, India	1.7	Yes	805[citation needed]
Buyid Sultanate, Persia	1.6	Yes	980[7][8]
Mamluk Sultanate, India	1.6	Yes	1228[8]
Indo-Parthians Pahalvas Kingdom, India	1.5	Yes	50[22]
Wu Dynasty, China	1.5	Yes	221[22]
Northern Zhou Dynasty, China	1.5	Yes	577[22]
Nanda Dynasty, India	1.5	Yes	BC 350 or 321[22][41]
Indo-Scythians Shaka Kingdom, India	1.5	Yes	BC 100[30]
Tulunids Emirate	1.5	Yes	900[22]
Idrisid Dynasty, Morocco	1.5	Yes	828[7]
Suri Dynasty, India	1.5	Yes	1545 AD[7][8]
Neo-Assyrian Empire	1.4	Yes	BC 670[7][30]
Songhai Empire	1.4	Yes	1500[42]
Harsha Empire Pusyabhutis, India	1.35	Yes	625 or 648[7][8]
Liang Dynasty, China	1.3	Yes	502 or 549[7][22]
Western Wei Dynasty, China	1.3	Yes	557[22]
Later Liang Dynasty, China	1.3	Yes	923[8]
Later Tang Dynasty, China	1.3	Yes	923[8]
Mali Empire	1.29	Yes	1312[43]		10.0% (45.0 million out of 450 million[44] in the mid-15th century)
Shang Dynasty, China	1.25	Yes	BC 1122[7][30]
Western Zhou Dynasty, China	1.25	Yes	BC 1122[30]
Aksumite Empire	1.25	Yes	350[7]
Carolingian Dynasty, Francia	1.2	Yes	814[7][8]
Polish-Lithuanian Empire	1.2	Yes	1650[7][8]
Srivijaya Empire	1.2	Yes	1200[7]
Sunga Empire, India	1.2	Yes	BC 150[7]
Kingdom of Kush Meroë 25th Dynasty, Sudan	1.2	Yes	BC 700[7]
Thai Empire Siam Empire	1.12	Yes	1782[citation needed]
Chalukya Dynasty, India	1.1	Yes	636[citation needed]
Swedish Empire	1.1	No	1658[citation needed]
Lodhi Dynasty, India	1.1	Yes	1517[citation needed]
18th Dynasty, Egypt	1.0	Yes	BC 1450[30]
New Kingdom in Egypt	1.0	Yes	BC 1300[7][30]
Ptolemaic Dynasty, Egypt	1.0	No	BC 301[30]
Eastern Wei Dynasty, China	1.0	Yes	550[22]
Northern Qi Dynasty, China	1.0	Yes	550[22]
Tahirid Dynasty, Persia	1.0	Yes	800[8]
Kalachuri Dynasty, India	1.0	Yes	1050[7][8]
Holy Roman Empire	1.0	Yes	1050[8]
Western Xia Dynasty Tangut, China	1.0	Yes	1100[7]
Western Chalukya Empire, India	1.0	Yes	1121[citation needed]
Khmer Empire	1.0	Yes	1290[7][8]
Avars Empire	1.0	Yes	600[22]
Kanem Empire, Chad	1.0	Yes	1200[8]
Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty, India	0.9	Yes	BC 10[30]
Konbaung Dynasty, Burma	0.9	Yes	1800 AD[citation needed]
Volga Bulgars Khanate	0.9	Yes	1100[7][8]
Akkadian Empire	0.8	Yes	BC 2250[30]
Later Jin Dynasty, China	0.8	Yes	936[8]
Ghana Empire	0.8	Yes	1067[22]
Pagan Kingdom Bagan, Burma	0.8	Yes	1200[8]
Western Satraps Dynasty, India	0.8	Yes	100[22]
Himyarite Kingdom, Yemen	0.8	Yes	400 AD[30]
Balhae Kingdom, Korea	0.8	Yes	830[7]
Khanate of Kazan	0.7	Yes	1540[8]
Merovingian Dynasty, Francia	0.7	Yes	558[8]
Bulgarian Empire	0.7	Yes	900[citation needed]
Shu Dynasty, China	0.7	Yes	221[22]
Yadava Gauli Kingdom, India	0.7	Yes	1250[8]
Paramara Dynasty, India	0.7	Yes	1050[22]
Kingdom of Dali Hou li,China	0.7	Yes	1200[citation needed]
Vijayanagara Tuluvas Empire, India	0.7	Yes	1529[citation needed]		5.0% (25.0 million out of 500 million[9] in the 16th century)
Kingdom of Nanzhao, China	0.7	Yes	830[8]
Austro-Hungarian Empire	0.676615	Yes	[citation needed]	52.8 in 1914	2.9% (51.3 million out of 1.753 billion in 1910)
15th Dynasty Hyksos, Egypt	0.65	Yes	BC 1650[30]
26th Dynasty, Egypt	0.65	Yes	BC 550[30]
Vakataka Kingdom, India	0.65	Yes	450 AD[30]
Visigoths Kingdom	0.6	Yes	580[22]
Caliphate of Córdoba	0.6	Yes	1000[8]
Rai Dynasty Chachas Sindh,India	0.6	Yes	675 AD[22]
Maukhari Kannauj Dynasty, India	0.6	Yes	600 AD[8]
Bahmani Sultanate, India	0.6	Yes	1470 AD[8]
Nizams Dynasty, India	0.6	Yes	1740 AD[citation needed]
Sikh Empire, India	0.5609	Yes	1845[citation needed]
Middle Kingdom, Egypt	0.5	Yes	BC 1850[30]
Lydian Empire	0.5	Yes	BC 585[30]
Neo-Babylonian Empire	0.5	Yes	BC 562[30]
Kosala Dynasty, India	0.5	Yes	BC 543[22]
Shishunaga Dynasty,India	0.5	Yes	BC 510[22]
Chu Dynasty, China	0.5	Yes	BC 350[22]
Pandyan Dynasty, India	0.5	Yes	1251[citation needed]
Later Han Dynasty, China	0.5	Yes	947[8]
Kangju Empire Transoxiana	0.5	Yes	BC 100[22]
Ostrogothic Kingdom	0.5	Yes	510 AD[8]
Goguryeo Kingdom, Korea	0.45	Yes	476[30]
Xia Dynasty, China based on the hypothesis that prehistorical cities of Erlitou culture were once united	0.45	Yes	BC 1800[30]
New Kingdom, Hittite	0.45	Yes	BC 1250 or 1220[30]
Crimean Khanate	0.4	Yes	1500[8]
Armenian Empire	0.4	Yes	BC 83[22]
Old Kingdom, Egypt	0.4	Yes	BC 2400[30]
Middle Kingdom, Assyria under Tiglath-Pileser I	0.4	Yes	BC 1080[30]
Latin Empire	0.35	Yes	1204[22]
Harappan Empire, India	0.3	Yes	BC 1800[41]
Mitanni Empire	0.3	Yes	BC 1450[30]
Carthaginian Empire	0.3	No	BC 220[30]
1st Dynasty, Babylon	0.25	Yes	BC 1690[30]
Serbian Empire	0.25	Yes	1350[citation needed]
Aztec Empire	0.22	Yes	1520[8]
Middle Elamite	0.2	Yes	BC 1160[30]
2nd Dynasty, Isin	0.2	Yes	BC 1130[30]
Urartu Empire	0.2	Yes	BC 800[30]
Phrygian Dynasty	0.2	Yes	BC 750[30]
Old Kingdom, Assyria	0.15	Yes	BC 1730[30]
Eastern Zhou Dynasty, China	0.15	Yes	BC 770