British Empire
For a comprehensive list of the territories that formed the British Empire, see Evolution of the British Empire.
British Empire | ||||
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The areas of the world that at one time were part of the British Empire. Current British Overseas Territories are underlined in red. |
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires bestowed, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia.[5] A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (Britain, following the 1707 Act of Union with Scotland) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Following the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815, Britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance, and expanded its imperial holdings across the globe. Increasing degrees of autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies, some of which were reclassified as dominions.
The growth of Germany and the United States had eroded Britain's economic lead by the end of the 19th century. Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its Empire. The conflict placed enormous financial strain on Britain, and although the Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after the war, it was no longer a peerless industrial or military power. The Second World War saw Britain's colonies in South-East Asia occupied by Japan, which damaged British prestige and accelerated the decline of the Empire, despite the eventual victory of Britain and its allies. India, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, won independence within two years of the end of the war.
After the end of the Second World War, as part of a larger decolonisation movement by European powers, most of the territories of the British Empire were granted independence, ending with the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997. 14 territories remain under British sovereignty, the British Overseas Territories. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. 16 Commonwealth nations share their head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, as Commonwealth realms.
Evolution of British Empire
The evolution of the British Empire is considered to begin with the foundation of the English colonial empire in the late 16th century. Since then, a great many territories have been under the control of the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
The Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland; in 1801 the Kingdom of Ireland joined this Union to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; in 1922 most of Ireland gained independence as the Irish Free State, and in 1927 the formal name of the Union was changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to reflect this. Collectively, the territories under the control of these states since the 18th century are referred to as the British Empire.
From 1876 to 1947, the monarch of the United Kingdom was formally designated as Empress or Emperor of India, a title created by the UK Parliament. Currently, Elizabeth II is the monarch of sixteen Commonwealth realms.
The nature of the administration of the Empire changed both by time and place. Most of its parts were British territorial possessions, but after the First World War there were also several mandates granted by the League of Nations
Africa
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - see under "Sudan" | |||
Basutoland | 1868–1871 | protectorate | |
1871–1884 | annexed to Cape Colony | ||
1884–1965 | colony | ||
1965–1966 | self-governing colony | ||
1966 | independent as Lesotho | !T! abc /\\/ | |
Bechuanaland (see also under "British Bechuanaland") | 1884–1964 | protectorate | |
1964–1965 | colony | ||
1965–1966 | self-governing colony | ||
1966 | independent as Botswana | !T! abc /\\/ | |
Bight of Benin | 1852–1861 | protectorate | |
1861 | united with Bight of Biafra | ||
Bight of Biafra | 1849–1861 | protectorate | |
1861 | united with Bight of Benin | ||
Bights of Biafra and Benin | 1861–1891 | protectorate | |
Brass-Bonny-Opobo-Aobh-Old Calabar | 1885–1891 | protectorate | |
British Bechuanaland (see also under "Bechuanaland") | 1885–1895 | crown colony | |
1895 | incorporated into Cape Colony | Now a part of the Northern Cape and North West provinces of South Africa | |
British Cameroons | 1916–1919 | occupation | |
1919–1946 | League of Nations mandated territory | ||
1946–1961 | United Nations Trust Territory | ||
1961 | northern part merged into Nigeria | ||
1961 | southern part merged into the Republic of Cameroon | !T! abc | |
British Central Africa - see under "Nyasaland" | |||
British East Africa | 1888–1895 | territory leased to the Imperial British East Africa Company by the Sultan of Zanzibar | |
1895–1920 | protectorate | ||
1920 | split into the colony of Kenya and the protectorate of Kenya | ||
British Somaliland | 1884–1960 | protectorate | forcibly merged with Somalia then became independent in 1991 as Somaliland (unrecognized) |
Cape Colony | 1910 | colony | became a province of the Union of South Africa as the "Cape of Good Hope" |
Cyrenaica | 1942–1946 | administration | |
1946–1951 | UN trusteeship under Britain | now part of Libya | |
Egypt | 1801–1803 | occupation | |
1882–1914 | occupation | ||
1914–1922 | protectorate | ||
1922 | independent | ||
- Suez Canal Zone | 1882–1956 | controlled | restored to Egyptian control |
1956 | occupation | restored to Egyptian control | |
Gambia | 1816–1965 | crown colony | |
1965 | independent | !T! abc | |
Gold Coast | 1874–1957 | colony | |
1957 | independent as Ghana | !T! abc | |
Kenya, Colony of | 1920–1963 | colony | Previously part of British East Africa |
1963 | independent | abc /\\/ | |
Kenya, Protectorate of | 1920–1963 | protectorate | Previously part of British East Africa |
1963 | merged with the colony of Kenya at independence | ||
Lagos Protectorate | 1887–1906 | protectorate, governed from the Lagos Colony | |
1906 | incorporated into the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria | ||
Natal | 1856–1910 | colony | |
1910 | became a province of the Union of South Africa | Now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | |
Niger Districts | 1885–1899 | protectorate under the Royal Niger Company | |
1900 | became part of Northern Nigeria | ||
Niger River Delta | 1886–1899 | protectorate under the Royal Niger Company | |
1900 | became part of Northern Nigeria | ||
Nigeria, Protectorate of | 1914–1954 | protectorate governed by the Colony of Nigeria | Previously known as the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria |
1954 | merged with the Colony of Nigeria to form the Federation of Nigeria | ||
Nigeria, Colony of known as the Colony of Southern Nigeria to 1913 | 1906–1954 | colony | Previously known as the Colony of Lagos |
1954 | merged with the Protectorate of Nigeria to form the Federation of Nigeria | ||
Nigeria, Federation of | 1954–1960 | autonomous federation | formed from the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria |
1960 | independent | !T! abc | |
Northern Nigeria | 1900–1913 | protectorate governed by the Colony of Southern Nigeria | |
1914 | merged with Protectorate of Southern Nigeria to form the Protectorate of Nigeria | ||
Nyasaland known as the Nyassaland Districts until 1893, and then British Central Africa until 1907 | 1891–1964 | protectorate | |
1964 | independent as Malawi | !T! abc /\\/ | |
Orange River Colony | 1900–1910 | colony | |
1907 | granted responsible government | ||
1910 | became a province of the Union of South Africa as the "Orange Free State" | ||
Rhodesia | now divided between Zambia and Zimbabwe | ||
- Matabeleland | 1888–1894 | protectorate under British South Africa Company | |
1894 | united with Mashonaland as South Zambesia in 1894 | ||
- Mashonaland | 1889–1894 | protectorate under BSAC | |
1894 | united with Matabeleland as South Zambesia in 1894 | ||
- South Zambesia | 1894–1895 | protectorate under BSAC | |
1895 | united with North Zambesia as Rhodesia | ||
- Rhodesia | 1895–1901 | protectorate under BSAC | |
1901 | Mashonaland and Matabeleland united as Southern Rhodesia | ||
- Northern Rhodesia | 1911–1924 | protectorate under BSAC | amalgamation of North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia |
1924–1953 | protectorate | ||
1953–1963 | part of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland | ||
1964 | independent as Zambia | !T! abc /\\/ | |
- Southern Rhodesia | 1901–1923 | protectorate under BSAC | |
1923–1953 | self-governing colony | ||
1953–1963 | part of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland | ||
Rhodesia | 1964–1965 | crown colony | |
1965–1970 | unilaterally declared independent, with Elizabeth II as head of state | not internationally recognised | |
1970–1979 | republic | not internationally recognised | |
-Zimbabwe-Rhodesia | 1979 | interim state | |
1979–1980 | colony | ||
1980 | independent as Zimbabwe | !T! abc /\\/ | |
Sierra Leone | 1787–1808 | Freed slave colony organised by Sierra Leone Company | |
1808–1821 | crown colony | ||
1821–1850 | part of British West Africa | ||
1850–1866 | crown colony | ||
1866–1888 | part of British West Africa | ||
1888–1895 | colony | ||
1896–1961 | colony and protectorate | ||
1961 | independent | !T! abc | |
South Africa | 1910–1961 | dominion | formed by the federation of the Cape, Orange River, Natal, and Transvaal colonies |
1961- | republic | !T! abc /\\/ (not a member of the Commonwealth between 1961 and 1994) | |
Southern Nigeria, Protectorate of known as the Oil Rivers Protectorate until 1893, then Niger Coast Protectorate until 1900 | 1891–1913 | protectorate | |
1914 | merged with Northern Nigeria to form the Protectorate of Nigeria | ||
Sudan ("Anglo-Egyptian Sudan") | 1899–1952 | condominium (joint-rule) with Egypt | |
1952–1956 | self-rule | ||
1956 | independent | !T! abc | |
Swaziland | 1893–1902 | protectorate under Transvaal | |
1902–1967 | protectorate | ||
1967–1968 | autonomous | ||
1968 | independent | abc [X] /\\/ | |
Tanganyika | |||
German East Africa | 1916–1922 | occupation | |
Tanganyika | 1922–1946 | mandate | |
1946–1961 | United Nations Trust Territory under Britain | ||
1961 | independent | !T! abc /\\/ merged with Zanzibar in 1964 to form Tanzania | |
Tati Concessions Land | 1872–1893 | concession | |
1893 | detached from Matabeleland | ||
1893–1911 | under protectorate of Bechuanaland | ||
1911 | annexed to Bechuanaland | ||
Transvaal | 1877–1884 | colony | |
1884–1900 | independent as South African Republic | ||
1900–1906 | colony | ||
1906–1910 | self-governing colony | ||
1910 | part of Union of South Africa | now divided between the provinces of Gauteng/Limpopo/North West/Mpumalanga, South Africa | |
Tripolitania | 1942–1946 | administration | |
1946–1951 | UN trusteeship under Britain | now part of Libya | |
- Benghazi; Sirte | 1942–1946 | occupation | |
1946–1951 | UN trusteeship under Britain | now part of Libya | |
- Tripoli | 1943–1946 | occupation | |
1946–1951 | UN trusteeship under Britain | now part of Libya | |
Uganda | 1890–1893 | occupied by British East Africa Company | |
1893–1894 | provisional protectorate | ||
1894–1905 | protectorate | ||
1905–1962 | colony | ||
1962 | self-government | ||
1962 | independent | !T! abc /\\/ | |
Walvis Bay | 1795–1878 | occupation | |
1878–1884 | protectorate | ||
1884 | part of Cape Colony | now part of Namibia | |
Zanzibar | 1890–1963 | protectorate | |
1963 | independent | merged with Tanganyika in 1964 to form Tanzania | |
Zululand | 1887–1897 | crown colony | |
1897 | incorporation into Natal | now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |
[edit] Northern America
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Assiniboia | 1812–1836 | colony | |
1836 | reverted to control of the Hudson's Bay Company | Now part of the province of Manitoba, Canada | |
Avalon | 1623–1637 | palatinate | |
1637 | incorporated into Newfoundland | ||
Bristol's Hope | 1618–1631 | colony | |
1631 | abandoned | ||
Canada, Dominion of | dominion (1867-1931) | formed by the federation of the provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia | :±: [X] abc
|
Canada, Province of | 1841–1867 | colony | Formed by the amalgamation of the provinces of Lower and Upper Canada |
1867 | joined the Dominion of Canada and divided into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec | Now the southern halves of Ontario and Quebec, Canada | |
Cape Breton Island | 1763 | incorporated into Nova Scotia | Previously under French sovereignty |
1784 | colony | separated from Nova Scotia | |
1820 | re-incorporated into Nova Scotia | ||
Carolina | 1586–1663 | settlement | |
1663–1665 | colony | ||
1663–1691 | proprietary colony | ||
- North Carolina | 1691–1710 | colony subordinated to South Carolina | |
1710–1776 | colony | ||
1776 | declared independent as part of the United States | ||
1783 | sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
- South Carolina | 1691–1710 | colony | |
1710–1776 | proprietary colony | ||
1776 | declared independent as part of the United States | ||
1780–1782 | occupation | ||
1783 | sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
Cuper's Cove | 1610–1621 | colony | |
1621 | abandoned | ||
East Florida | 1763–1783 | colony | |
1783 | returned to Spanish sovereignty | Now part of the state of Florida, United States | |
Florida - see under "East Florida" and "West Florida" | |||
Georgia | 1732–1755 | proprietary colony | |
1755–1776 | crown colony | ||
1776 | declared independent as part of the United States | ||
1778–1782 | occupation | ||
1783 | sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
Labrador | 1763–1774 | part of Newfoundland | annexed to Quebec |
1774–1809 | part of Quebec (1774–1809) | ||
1809 | annexed to Newfoundland | Now part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada | |
Lower Canada | 1791–1841 | province (colony) | Now the southern half of the province of Quebec, Canada |
1841 | merged with Upper Canada to form the Province of Canada | Re-established within the Dominion of Canada as the province of Quebec in 1867 | |
New Brunswick | 1784–1867 | colony | Separated from Nova Scotia |
1867 | became a province of Canada | ||
Newfoundland | 1497–1583 | claimed by England | |
1583–1818 | colony | ||
1818–1907 | crown colony | ||
1907–1934 | dominion | ||
1934–1949 | Commission of Government | Self-rule suspended, "Dominion" in name only | |
1949 | became a province of Canada | Now known as "Newfoundland and Labrador" | |
North-Western Territory | 1859–1870 | ||
1870 | incorporated into the Northwest Territories of Canada | Now divided between the Canadian provinces and territories of Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia | |
Stikine Territory | 1862–1863 | Now divided between British Columbia and Yukon, Canada | |
Nova Scotia | 1621–1632 | Scottish colony | |
1654–1670 | English occupation | ||
1690–1691 | English occupation | ||
1710–1713 | British occupation | ||
1713–1867 | colony | ||
1848 | granted responsible government | ||
1867 | became a province of Canada | ||
Prince Edward Island known as New Ireland until 1769, and as St. John's Island until 1799 | 1744–1748 | occupation | |
1758–1763 | occupation | ||
1763–1769 | part of Nova Scotia | ||
1769–1873 | colony | ||
1873 | became a province of Canada | ||
Quebec | 1763–1791 | province (colony) | Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, and (until 1783) the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, in the United States |
1791 | divided into the provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada | ||
Renews | 1610–1623 | colony | abandoned |
Rupert's Land | 1670–1870 | possession of Hudson's Bay Company | Nominally included territory that is now part of the Canadian territories and provinces of Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon (until 1858), British Columbia (until 1858), Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and (until 1818) parts of the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota |
1870 | incorporated into Canada | ||
St. Pierre and Miquelon | 1713–1763 | part of Nova Scotia | |
1763 | restored to French sovereignty | ||
1778–1783 | occupation | ||
1793–1802 | occupation | ||
1803–1816 | occupation | ||
South Falkland | 1623–1626 | colony | abandoned |
Upper Canada | 1791–1841 | province (colony) | Ontario, Canada |
1841 | merged with Lower Canada to form the Province of Canada | Re-established within the Dominion of Canada as the province of Ontario in 1867 | |
Vancouver Island | 1849–1866 | crown colony | |
1866 | merged into the colony of British Columbia | Now part of the province of British Columbia, Canada | |
Virginia | 1607–1624 | colony | |
1624–1776 | crown colony | ||
1776 | declared independent as part of the United States | ||
1783 | Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain | ||
West Florida | 1763–1781 | colony | |
1781 | returned to Spanish sovereignty | Now part of the state of Florida, United States |
Central America and the Caribbean
-Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Anguilla | 1650–1696 | colony under St. Christopher | |
1696–1816 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1832–1871 | part of colony of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1882 | part of the presidency of Saint Christopher (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
1882–1956 | part of the presidency of Saint Christopher and Nevis (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
1956–1967 | part of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1967–1969 | unilaterally declared independence | ||
1969–1980 | part of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1980–1983 | self-governing colony | ||
1983–2002 | dependent territory | ||
2002- | British Overseas Territory | !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Antigua (incl. Barbuda from 1860) | 1632–1671 | colony | |
1671–1672 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1672–1816 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | part of colony of Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat | ||
1832–1833 | colony | ||
1833–1871 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1871–1956 | presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1956–1958 | colony | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | colony | ||
1967–1981 | associated state | ||
1981 | independent as Antigua and Barbuda | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat | 1816–1832 | colony | |
1832 | dissolved | ||
Aruba | 1799–1802 | occupation | |
1805–1816 | occupation | ||
1940–1942 | protectorate | ||
Bahamas | 1670–1684 | proprietary colony | |
1684 | occupied by Spain | ||
1718–1964 | crown colony | ||
1964–1969 | self-government | ||
1969–1973 | commonwealth | ||
1973 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Barbados | 1624–1627 | claimed by England | |
1627–1652 | proprietary colony | ||
1652–1663 | colony | ||
1663–1833 | crown colony | ||
1833–1885 | part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1885–1958 | colony | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1966 | colony | ||
1966 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Barbuda | 1628–1832 | colony | |
1632–1671 | dependency of Antigua | ||
1671–1816 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | part of colony of Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat | ||
1832–1833 | colony | ||
1833–1860 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1860 | annexed to Antigua | ||
1976–1980 | autonomous | ||
1980 | unilateral declaration of independence | ||
1981 | independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda | ||
Bay Islands | 1643–1780 | crown colony | |
1780 | occupied by Spain for a month | ||
1780–1860 | crown colony subordinated to Jamaica | ||
1860 | ceded to Honduras | ||
Belize - see under "British Honduras" | |||
Bonaire | 1807–1815 | occupation | |
British Honduras | 1665–1742 | settlement | |
1742–1840 | settlement subordinated to Jamaica | ||
1840–1862 | colony subordinated to Jamaica | ||
1862–1884 | crown colony subordinated to Jamaica | ||
1884–1954 | crown colony | ||
1954–1964 | autonomy | ||
1964–1981 | self-governing colony | ||
1973 | renamed "Belize" | ||
1981 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc | |
British Virgin Islands | 1666–1672 | occupation | |
1672–1713 | part of colony of Leeward Islands as part of Antigua | ||
1713–1816 | crown colony part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1832–1871 | part of colony of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1956 | presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1956–1960 | part of territory of Leeward Islands | ||
1960–1967 | colony | ||
1967–1983 | autonomous | ||
1983–2002 | dependent territory | ||
2002- | British Overseas Territory | !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Cayman Islands | 1670–1958 | colony part of Jamaica | |
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1983 | crown colony | ||
1983–2002 | dependent territory | ||
2002- | British Overseas Territory | !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Cuba | 1762–1763 | occupation | |
Curaçao | 1800–1803 | occupation | |
1807–1816 | occupation | ||
Dominica | 1763–1778 | occupation | |
1778 | ceded to France | ||
1784–1871 | colony | ||
1871–1939 | presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1940–1958 | colony within the Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | colony | ||
1967–1978 | associated state | ||
1978 | independent | !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Grenada | 1762–1763 | occupation | |
1763–1779 | part of colony of South Caribbean Islands | ||
1779 | occupied by France | ||
1783–1802 | part of colony of South Caribbean Islands | ||
1802–1833 | colony | ||
1833–1958 | part of Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | colony | ||
1967–1974 | associated state | ||
1974 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Guadeloupe | 1759–1763 | occupation | |
1794 | occupation | ||
1810–1814 | occupation | ||
1815–1816 | occupation | ||
Île de la Tortue and Saint-Domingue | 1655–1659 | occupation | |
1793–1798 | occupation | ||
Jamaica | 1655–1670 | occupation | |
1670–1953 | colony | ||
1953–1958 | self-governing colony | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Leeward Islands | 1671–1816 | colony | |
1833–1871 | colony | ||
1871–1956 | federal colony | Comprised the presidencies of Antigua (incl. Barbuda), Dominica (to 1939), Montserrat, Nevis , Saint Kitts (incl. Anguilla, and combined with Nevis in 1883), and the Virgin Islands | |
1956–1960 | territory | ||
1960 | dissolved | ||
Martinique | 1762–1763 | occupation | |
1794–1802 | occupation | ||
1809–1814 | occupation | ||
Montserrat | 1632–1667 | colony part of Antigua | |
1667 | occupied by France | ||
1668–1782 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1784–1816 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1832 | part of colony of Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat | ||
1832–1833 | colony part of Antigua | ||
1833–1871 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1871–1956 | presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1956–1958 | colony | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | colony | ||
1967–1983 | associated state | ||
1983–2002 | dependent territory | ||
2002- | British Overseas Territory | !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Mosquito Coast | 1668–1786 | protectorate | |
1787–1861 | protectorate | ||
1861 | incorporated into Nicaragua | ||
Nevis | 1628–1671 | colony subordinated to Barbados | |
1671–1701 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1701–1704 | part of colony of Leeward Islands under Antigua | ||
1704–1816 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1833 | part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1833–1871 | part of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1883 | presidency within the Leeward Islands | ||
1883 | amalgamated with Saint Kitts to form the presidency of Saint Christopher and Nevis (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
Redonda | 1872–1981 | part of Antigua | |
1981- | dependency | ||
Saba | 1665 | occupation | |
1672–1679 | occupation | ||
1781 | occupation | ||
1801–1803 | occupation | ||
1810–1816 | occupation | ||
St. Christopher (Saint Kitts) | 1623–1666 | colony | |
1666 | occupied by France | ||
1671–1701 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1701–1704 | part of colony of Leeward Islands under Antigua | ||
1704–1782 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1782 | occupied by France | ||
1783–1816 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1816–1833 | part of colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1833–1871 | part of Leeward Islands as colony of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla, and the British Virgin Islands | ||
1871–1882 | part of colony of Leeward Islands | ||
1882 | amalgamated with Nevis to form the presidency of Saint Christopher-Nevis (within the Leeward Islands) | ||
St. Christopher and Nevis | 1882–1958 | presidency within the Leeward Islands | |
1958–1962 | part of province of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | part of colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1967–1980 | part of associated state of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
1980–1983 | associated state | ||
1983 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
St. Eustatius | 1665–1666 | occupation | |
1672–1682 | occupation | ||
1690–1693 | occupation | ||
1781 | occupation | ||
1801–1802 | occupation | ||
1810–1816 | occupation | ||
St. John | 1801–1802 | occupation | |
1807–1815 | occupation | Now part of the United States Virgin Islands | |
St. Lucia | 1605–1640 | settlement | |
1640 | abandoned | ||
1664–1667 | occupation | ||
1762–1763 | occupation | ||
1781–1783 | occupation | ||
1794–1795 | occupation | ||
1796–1802 | occupation | ||
1803–1838 | colony | ||
1838–1958 | crown colony part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1967 | crown colony | ||
1967–1979 | associated state | ||
1979 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Saint Martin | 1690–1699 | occupation | |
1801–1802 | occupation | ||
St. Thomas | 1801–1802 | occupation | |
1807–1815 | occupation | Now part of the United States Virgin Islands | |
St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 1627–1636 | claimed | |
1672 | claimed | ||
1762–1763 | occupation | ||
1763–1776 | colony | ||
1776–1779 | crown colony | ||
1779 | occupied by France | ||
1783–1833 | crown colony | ||
1833–1958 | part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1969 | colony | ||
1969–1979 | associated state | ||
1979 | independent | :±: !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
South Caribbean Islands | 1763–1802 | colony | |
1802 | dissolved | Included the present-day countries of Dominica, Grenada, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the island of Tobago | |
Tobago | 1762–1764 | part of colony of Windward Islands | |
1764–1781 | colony | ||
1781 | colony of France | ||
1793–1802 | occupation | ||
1802 | colony of France | ||
1803–1833 | crown colony | ||
1833–1888 | part of colony of Windward Islands | ||
1889 | amalgamated with Trinidad | ||
Tortuga | 1631–1635 | colony | |
1635 | French possession | Now part of Haiti | |
Trinidad | 1802–1888 | colony | |
1889 | amalgamated with Tobago as "Trinidad and Tobago" | ||
Trinidad and Tobago | 1889–1958 | colony | |
1958–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962 | independent | !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 1799–1848 | colony part of Bahamas | |
1848–1874 | colony | ||
1874–1959 | colony part of Jamaica | ||
1959–1962 | province of West Indies Federation | ||
1962–1983 | crown colony | ||
1983–2002 | dependent territory | ||
2002- | British Overseas Territory | !T! [X] abc /\\/ | |
Virgin Islands - see under "British Virgin Islands" | |||
West Indies Federation | 1958–1962 | federation of colonies | |
1962 | dissolution | Included the present-day countries of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados; Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Overseas Territories of Anguilla, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands | |
Windward Islands | 1833–1956 | colony | |
1956–1960 | territory | ||
1960 | dissolution | Included the present-day countries of Barbados (to 1885), Grenada, Dominica (from 1940), St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and (until 1889) the island of Tobago |
[edit] South America
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Berbice | 1781–1782 | subordinated to Barbados | |
1782 | occupied by France | ||
1796–1802 | occupied | ||
1802 | restored to the Netherlands | ||
1803–1814 | occupied | ||
1814–1831 | colony | ||
1831 | united with Demerara-Essequibo to form British Guiana | Now part of Guyana | |
British Guiana | 1831–1961 | colony | Formed by the merger of the colonies of Berbice and Demerara-Essequibo |
1961–1966 | self-rule | ||
1966 | independent as Guyana | ||
Demerara | 1781–1782 | subordinated to Barbados | |
1782 | French occupation | ||
1796–1802 | occupied | ||
1802 | restored to Netherlands | ||
1803–1814 | occupied | ||
1814 | merged with Essequibo to form Demerara-Essequibo | ||
Demerara-Essequibo | 1814–1831 | colony | Formed by the merger of the separate colonies of Demerara and Essequibo |
1831 | united with Berbice to form British Guiana | ||
Essequibo | 1781–1782 | subordinated to Barbados | |
1782 | French occupation | ||
1796–1802 | occupied | ||
1802 | restored to the Netherlands | ||
1803–1814 | occupied | ||
1814 | merged with Demerara to form Demerara-Essequibo | ||
Oyapoc | 1620 | settlement | Now in Guyana |
Pomeroon | 1666–1667 | occupied | |
1689 | occupation | ||
1689 | incorporated into Essequibo | Now in Guyana | |
Willoughby | 1652–1688 | settlement | |
1688 | Dutch occupation | Now Paramaribo, in Suriname |
Asia
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aden | 1839–1873 | colony subordinate to Bombay | ||
1873–1932 | protectorate | |||
1932–1937 | province of British India | |||
1937–1963 | crown colony | |||
1963 | part of protectorate of South Arabia | |||
1963–1967 | state | |||
1967 | independent | Now part of Yemen | ||
Afghanistan | 1839–1842 | protectorate | ||
1879–1919 | protectorate | |||
1919 | independent | |||
Bahrain | 1880–1961 | protectorate | ||
1961–1971 | autonomous | |||
1971 | independent | |||
British Mandate of Mesopotamia | 1920–1932 | League of Nations Mandate | ||
2003–2004 | Successor state (Iraq) under partial British occupation | |||
2004 | Independent | |||
Baluchistan | 1877–1896 | province | ||
1896–1947 | province of British India | |||
1947 | part of Pakistan | Now part of Baluchistan and the Tribal Areas, in Pakistan | ||
Bantam | 1603–1609 | station | ||
1609–1617 | factory | |||
1617–1621 | presidency | |||
1621 | expelled by the Dutch | |||
1630–1634 | subordinated to Surat | |||
1634–1652 | presidency | |||
1652–1682 | subordinated to Surat | |||
1682 | expelled by the Dutch | Now in Indonesia | ||
Bencoolen (Fort York) | 1685–1760 | fort subordinated to Madras | ||
1760–1785 | presidency | |||
1785–1825 | subordinated to Bengal | |||
1825 | part of Netherlands East Indies | Now Bengkulu, in Indonesia | ||
Bengal | 1634–1658 | factories | Now divided between West Bengal (in India) and Bangladesh | |
1658–1681 | subordinated to Madras | |||
1681–1682 | agency | |||
1682–1694 | presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements | |||
1694–1698 | subordinated to Madras | |||
1698–1700 | presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements | |||
1700–1774 | presidency | |||
1774–1854 | part of British India | |||
1854–1905 | part of province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa | |||
West Bengal | 1905–1912 | province | ||
1912 | partition reversed | Now part of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Jharkhand, in India | ||
East Bengal | 1905–1912 | province | ||
1912 | partition reversed | Now part of Bangladesh | ||
Fort William | 1912–1937 | presidency | Now divided between West Bengal (in India), and Bangladesh | |
Bengal | 1937–1947 | presidency | ||
1947 | divided between India and East Pakistan | |||
Brunei | 1888–1941 | protectorate | ||
1941–1945 | Japanese occupation | |||
1945–1984 | protectorate | |||
1984- | Independent | !T! abc /\\/ | ||
Burma | 1824–1852 | Arakan, Tenasserim | ||
1852–1886 | Lower Burma | |||
1885–1886 | Upper Burma | |||
1886–1937 | province of British India | |||
1937–1942 | colony | |||
1942–1945 | Japanese occupation | |||
1945–1948 | colony | |||
1948- | independence | !T! | ||
Hong Kong | 1843–1941 | crown colony | ||
1941 | Japanese occupation | |||
1945–1983 | crown colony | |||
1983–1997 | dependent territory | |||
1997 | transferred to China as a Special Administrative Region | Now a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China | ||
Hong Kong Island | 1841–1843 | annexed | ||
1843 | made crown colony | |||
Kowloon, Stonecutters Island | 1860–1997 | part of Hong Kong | ||
1997 | transferred to China as part of Hong Kong SAR | |||
India | 1757–1858 | Company rule in India | ||
1858–1876 | Presidencies and provinces of British India | |||
1876–1947 | Indian Empire | |||
1947 | Independent as India after partition | !T! abc /\\/ | ||
1947 | Independent as Pakistan after partition | !T! abc /\\/ | ||
1971- | East Pakistan, (part of Pakistan after partition), separated to form Bangladesh in 1971 | !T! abc /\\/ | ||
British Malaya | 1824 | transferred following Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 | ||
1824–1867 | territory of British East India Company | |||
1867–1946 | Straits Settlements, crown colony | |||
1895–1946 | Federated Malay States, protectorate | |||
1885–1946 | Johor, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | |||
1909–1946 | Kedah, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | |||
1909–1946 | Kelantan, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | |||
1909–1946 | Perlis, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | |||
1909–1946 | Terengganu, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | |||
1942–1945 | Japanese occupation | |||
1946–1948 | Malayan Union | |||
1948–1957 | Federation of Malaya | |||
1957–1963 | independent state | |||
1963- | Joined with North Borneo and the Kingdom of Sarawak to form independent state of Malaysia | !T! abc /\\/ [X] | ||
New Territories | 1898–1997 | lease territory part of Hong Kong | ||
North Borneo | 1882–1946 | protectorate | ||
1946–1963 | crown colony | |||
1963- | Part of Malaysia | |||
Pulo Condore Island/Côn Đảo | 1702–1705 | possession of British East India Company | ||
1705 | abandoned | Now Côn Đảo, in Vietnam | ||
Kingdom of Sarawak | 1888–1946 | protectorate | ||
Straits Settlements | 1826–1858 | possession under British East India Company | Now divided between Malacca and Penang, in Malaysia, and Singapore | |
1858–1867 | subordinated to British India | |||
1867–1942 | crown colony | |||
1942 | occupied by Japan | |||
Surat | 1612–1658 | factory | ||
1658–1668 | presidency | |||
1668–1685 | possession under British East India Company | |||
1685–1703 | subordinated to Bombay | |||
1703 | incorporated into Bombay | Now in India | ||
Palestine | 1920–1948 | mandate | Now known as Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip | |
1948 | independence | Now known as Israel | ||
1948–present | occupied by Israel | |||
Singapore | 1824 | purchased | ||
1824–1867 | Part of Straits Settlements (as residency of the Presidency of Bengal | |||
1867–1942 | Part of Straits Settlements (crown colony) | |||
1942–1945 | occupied by Japan | |||
1945–1946 | military administration | |||
1946–1963 | crown colony | |||
1963–1965 | Part of Malaysia | |||
1965- | Independence | !T! abc /\\/ | ||
Syria | occupation (1941–1946) | independence | ||
Transjordan | 1920–1921 | part of Palestine Mandate | Now known as Jordan | |
1921–1923 | mandate | |||
1923 | formally separated from Palestine | |||
1923–1928 | mandate | |||
1928 | emirate independent, except military and finance control | |||
1928–1946 | independent | |||
1946 | formal independence | |||
Trucial States | 1892–1971 | protectorate | ||
1971 | formation of Federation of Arab Emirates | Now part of the United Arab Emirates | ||
South Vietnam | 1945–1946 | occupation | ||
1946 | formation of Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina | Now part of Vietnam | ||
Weihaiwei | 1898–1930 | leased | ||
1930 | returned to China | Now part of the People's Republic of China |
[edit] Europe
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Akrotiri and Dhekelia | 1960–1983 | colonies | |
1983-2002 | dependent territory | ||
2002- | British Overseas Territory | ||
Alderney | 1198–1204 | lordship | |
1204 | fiefdom | ||
1205 | fiefdom | ||
1206–1279 | fiefdom | ||
1279 | briefly occupied by France | ||
1279-1660 | part of bailiwick of Guernsey | ||
1660–1825 | seigneurie | ||
1825 | subordinated to Guernsey | ||
Austria (British Zone) | 1945–1955 | occupied | Included Carinthia, Styria, and the east Tyrol |
1955 | Austrian sovereignty restored | ||
Berlin (British Sector) | 1945–1990 | occupied | |
1990 | incorporated into Germany | ||
Calais | 1347–1558 | fort - regarded as part of English territory | |
1558 | recaptured by France | ||
Corsica | 1794–1796 | kingdom | |
1796 | incorporated into France | ||
1814 | protectorate | ||
1814 | restored to French sovereignty | ||
Cyprus | 1878–1914 | administration while nominally remaining part of the Ottoman Empire | |
1914 | annexation | ||
1925–1960 | crown colony | ||
1960 | independent | ||
Dodecanese | 1945–1947 | occupied | |
1947 | incorporated into Greece | ||
Elba | 1796–1797 | garrison | |
1797 | abandoned | ||
England | 10th century | kingdom formed | |
1536 | incorporated Wales | ||
1603–1649 | personal union with Scotland | ||
1649–1660 | republic as the Commonwealth of England | ||
1660–1707 | personal union with Scotland | ||
1707 | political union with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain | ||
Faroe Islands | 1940–1945 | occupied | |
1945 | restored to Danish sovereignty | ||
Genoa | 1800 | occupied | |
1800 | sovereignty restored to Republic of Genoa | ||
1814–1815 | administration | ||
1815 | annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont | Now part of Italy | |
Germany (British Zone) | 1945–1955 | occupied | Included territories of the present-day German states of Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, and North Rhine-Westphalia |
1955 | full sovereignty restored to the Federal Republic of Germany | ||
Gibraltar | 1704–1713 | occupied | |
1713-1830 | garrison | ||
1830–1983 | crown colony | ||
1983–2002 | dependent territory | ||
2002- | British Overseas Territory | Sovereignty disputed by Spain | |
Great Britain, Kingdom of | 1707 | formed by union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland | |
1801 | union of Great Britain with Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | ||
Guernsey (incl. islands of Brechou, Herm, Jethou, and Sark) | 1198–1204 | lordship | |
1204–1205 | fiefdom | ||
1206–1279 | fiefdom | ||
1279-1940 | bailiwick | ||
1940–1945 | occupied by Germany | ||
1945- | bailiwick | ||
Heligoland | 1807–1814 | occupied | |
1814–1890 | colony | ||
1890 | incorporated into Germany | ||
1945–1952 | occupied | ||
Ionian Islands | 1809–1815 | occupied | |
1815–1864 | United States of Ionian Islands, under British protection | ||
1864 | incorporated into Greece | ||
Ireland | 1172-1541 | lordship | |
1541-1800 | kingdom subordinated to the English (later British) Crown | ||
1801 | merged with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom | ||
1922 | secession of twenty-six counties as the Irish Free State | ||
1937 | Irish Free State breaks most remaining constitutional links with the British Crown and is renamed Ireland (or Éire) | ||
1949 | Ireland becomes a republic and leaves the Commonwealth | See also under "Northern Ireland" | |
Isle of Man | 1266–1290 | fiefdom under Scotland | |
1313–1317 | fiefdom under Scotland | ||
1328–1333 | fiefdom under Scotland | ||
1333–1504 | fiefdom | ||
1504–1594 | lordship | ||
1594–1610 | direct crown rule | ||
1610–1649 | lordship | ||
1649–1660 | commonwealth and protectorate | ||
1660–1765 | lordship | ||
1765–1827 | possession | ||
1827- | crown dependency | ||
Italy | 1943–1947 | occupied | |
1947 | Italian sovereignty restored | ||
Jersey | 1204 | fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey | |
1204–1205 | fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1206–1279 | fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1279–1380 | bailiwick subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1382–1461 | bailiwick subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1468–1487 | bailiwick subordinated to Guernsey | ||
1487-1940 | bailiwick | ||
1940–1945 | occupied by Germany | ||
1945- | bailiwick | ||
Malta | 1802–1814 | occupied | |
1814–1921 | crown colony | ||
1921–1933 | self-governing colony | ||
1933–1947 | crown colony | ||
1947–1958 | self-rule | ||
1958–1961 | direct rule | ||
1961–1962 | state | ||
1961–1964 | self-rule | ||
1964 | independent | ||
Minorca | 1708–1713 | occupied | |
1713 | ceded to Britain | ||
1714–1756 | colony | ||
1756 | occupied by France | ||
1798–1802 | colony | ||
1802 | restored to Spain | ||
Northern Ireland | 1921-1972 | home rule within the United Kingdom | |
1972–1973 | direct rule | ||
1973–1974 | home rule within the United Kingdom | ||
1974–1999 | direct rule | ||
1999–2002 | home rule within the United Kingdom | ||
2002–2007 | direct rule | ||
2007- | home rule within the United Kingdom | ||
Rhodes | 1945–1947 | occupation | |
1947 | incorporated into Greece | ||
Scotland | 9th century | kingdom formed | |
1603–1649 | personal union with the Kingdom of England | ||
1653–1660 | incorporated into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland | ||
1660–1707 | personal union with the Kingdom of England | ||
1707 | union with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain | ||
1999- | home rule within the United Kingdom | ||
United Kingdom | 1801 | formed by the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland | |
1922 | secession of the Irish Free State | ||
1927 | formal name changed from "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" | ||
Vienna (British Sector) | 1945–1955 | occupied | |
1955 | Austrian sovereignty restored | ||
Wales | 1282–1301 | various former principalities subject to English rule | |
1301–1536 | principality subject to the heir to the English throne | ||
1536 | incorporated into England | ||
1999- | limited devolution within the United Kingdom |
Antarctic Region
(territories south of 60°00′)Territory | Status (Year) | Event Ending Political Entity | Current Jurisdiction |
---|---|---|---|
British Antarctic Territory | British Antarctic Territory | ||
South Shetland | claimed (1819–1908) | South Shetland, British Antarctic Territory | |
dependency of Falkland Islands (1908–1962) | part of British Antarctic Territory | ||
South Orkney | claimed (1821–1908) | South Orkney, British Antarctic Territory | |
dependency of Falkland Islands (1908–1962) | part of British Antarctic Territory | ||
Graham Land | annexed (1832–1908) | Graham Land, British Antarctic Territory | |
dependency of Falkland Islands (1908–1962) | part of British Antarctic Territory | ||
British Antarctic Territory | colony (1962–1983) | British Antarctic Territory | |
dependent territory (1983-2002) | |||
overseas territory (2002-) | :±: !T! £GBP abc | ||
Enderby Land | claimed (1930–1933) | transferred to Australia | Australian Antarctic Territory, Australia |
Victoria Land | claimed (1841–1933) |
Atlantic
(islands in the Atlantic Ocean)Territory | Status (Year) | Event Ending Political Entity | Current Jurisdiction |
---|---|---|---|
Bermuda | colony (1612–1684) | Bermuda | |
crown colony (1684–1968) | |||
self-governing colony (1968–1983) | |||
dependent territory (1983-2002) | |||
overseas territory (2002-) | :±: !T! abc /\\/ | ||
Falkland Islands | Falkland Islands | ||
- West Falkland | settlement (1766–1774) | withdrew settlement | |
- Falkland Islands | sovereignty claim (1774–1833) | re-occupation | |
crown colony (1841–1892) | |||
colony (1892–1908) | |||
colony (1908–1962) | South Shetland/South Orkney/Graham Land, British Antarctic Territory; Falkland Islands | ||
colony (1962–1983) | Falkland Islands | ||
dependent territory (1983-2002) | |||
overseas territory (2002-) | :±: !T! £FKK abc /\\/ | ||
Iceland | occupation (1940–1944) | restored to Iceland | Iceland |
St. Helena | claimed (1588–1673) | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
possession of British East India Company (1673–1815) | |||
crown colony (1815–1821) | |||
possession of British East India Company (1821–1834) | |||
crown colony (1834–1983) | |||
dependent territory (1983-2002) | |||
part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (2009-) | |||
overseas territory (2002-) | :±: !T! £SHP abc /\\/ | ||
- Ascension Island | possession (1815–1922) | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
dependency of St. Helena (1922–2009) | |||
part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (2009-) | |||
- Tristan da Cunha | dependency of Cape Colony (1816–1938) | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
dependency of St. Helena (1938–2009) | |||
part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (2009-) | |||
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands | claimed (1775–1908) | South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands | |
dependency of Falkland Islands (1908–1985) | |||
dependent territory (1985-2002) | |||
overseas territory (2002-) | :±: !T! £GBP abc |
Indian Ocean
(islands in the Indian Ocean)Territory | Status (Year) | Event Ending Political Entity | Current Jurisdiction |
---|---|---|---|
Ashmore and Cartier Islands | Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Australia | ||
- Ashmore Island | annexed (1878–1931) | transferred to Australia | |
- Cartier Island | annexed (1909–1931) | ||
British Indian Ocean Territory | British Indian Ocean Territory | ||
occupation (1810-1814) | |||
part of colony of Seychelles (1814–1903)| | |||
part of colony of Mauritius (1903–1965) | |||
colony (1965–1976) | Aldabra/Farquhar/Des Roches, Seychelles; British Indian Ocean Territory | ||
colony (1976–1983) | British Indian Ocean Territory | ||
dependent territory (1983-2002) | |||
overseas territory (2002-) | :±: !T! £GBP abc | ||
Ceylon | subordinated to presidency of Madras (1795–1798) | Sri Lanka | |
colony (1798–1802) | |||
crown colony (1802–1886) | |||
crown colony (1886–1942) | Sri Lanka; Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia | ||
crown colony (1942–1948) | independence !T! /\\/ | Sri Lanka | |
Christmas Island | annexed (1888–1889) | Christmas Island, Australia | |
leased (1889–1890) | |||
dependency of colony of Straits Settlement (1900–1942) | Japanese occupation | ||
military administration (1945–1946) | |||
dependency of colony of Singapore (1946–1958) | |||
crown colony (1958) | territory of Australia | ||
Cocos (Keeling) Islands | settlement (1825; 1826–1831) | Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia | |
fiefdom (1831–1857) | |||
crown colony (1857–1878) | |||
part of Ceylon (1878–1886) | |||
part of Straits Settlements (1886–1942) | |||
part of Ceylon (1942–1946) | |||
dependency of colony of Singapore (1946–1955) | territory of Australia | ||
Heard Island and McDonald Islands | claimed (1833–1947) | transferred to Australian Antarctic Territory | Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Australia |
Madagascar | occupation (1942–1946) | restored to France | Madagascar |
Maldives | protectorate (1796–1953) | Maldives | |
republic (1953–1954) | sultantate restored | ||
protectorate (1954–1965) | independence !T! /\\/ | ||
- United Suvadivan Republic | republic (1959–1963) | restored to Maldives | |
Mauritius | colony (1810–1965) | Mauritius; Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory | |
colony (1965–1968) | independence !T! abc /\\/ | Mauritius | |
- Rodrigues | occupation (1809-1814) | Rodrigues, Mauritius | |
dependency of colony of Mauritius (1814–1968) | part of Mauritius | ||
Réunion | occupation (1810–1815; 1942–1946) | restored to France | Réunion, France |
Seychelles | occupation (1794–1810) | Seychelles | |
colony subordinated to Mauritius (1810-1814) | |||
colony (1814–1903) | |||
crown colony (1903–1970) | |||
self-governing colony (1970–1975) | |||
self-rule (1975–1976) | independence !T! abc /\\/ | ||
- Aldabra; Farquhar; Des Roches | part of British Indian Ocean Territory (1965–1976) | part of Seychelles | Aldabra/Farquhar/Des Roches, Seychelles |
Tranquebar | Andaman and Nicobar Islands/Nagapattinam, India | ||
- Dansborg; Frederiksnagore | occupation (1801–1802; 1808–1815; 1845–1947) | part of British India | Nagapattinam, India |
- Andaman Islands | possession part of British India (1789–1942, 1945–1947) | occupied by Japan (1942–1945) | Andaman Islands, India |
- Nicobar Islands | part of British India (1848–1942, 1945–1947) | occupied by Japan (1942–1945) | Nicobar Islands, India |
Australasia and the Pacific
Territory | Status (Year) | Event Ending Political Entity | Current Jurisdiction |
---|---|---|---|
Australia | dominion (1901-1942) | ratified Statute of Westminster :±: !T! abc [X] /\\/ | Australia |
Baker Island | claimed (1886–1934) | reclaimed by United States | Baker Island, United States |
Bonin Islands | claimed (1827–1876) | annexed by Japan | Bonin Islands, Japan |
British New Guinea | protectorate (1884–1886) | Papua New Guinea | |
New Guinea | colony (1886–1906) | transferred to Australia | " |
British Solomon Islands | tripartite protectorate (1889–1893) | Solomon Islands | |
protectorate part of British Western Pacific Territories (1893–1942) | Japanese occupation | " | |
protectorate part of British Western Pacific Territories (1943-1971) | " | ||
protectorate (1971–1973) | " | ||
autonomy (1973-1975) | renamed | " | |
Solomon Islands | autonomy (1975–1976) | " | |
self-government (1976–1978) | independence :±: !T! abc [X] /\\/ | " | |
Cook Islands | protectorate (1888–1891) | Cook Islands, New Zealand | |
federation (1891–1900) | annexed by New Zealand | " | |
Fiji | colony (1874–1877) | Fiji | |
part of British Western Pacific Territories (1877–1952) | " | ||
colony (1952–1970) | independence !T! abc /\\/ | " | |
Friendly Islands | tripartite protectorate (1889–1900) | Tonga | |
protectorate part of British Western Pacific Territories (1900–1952) | " | ||
protectorate (1952–1970) | independence !T! abc /\\/ | " | |
Gilbert and Ellice Islands | protectorate (1892–1916) | Tuvalu; Kiribati | |
crown colony part of British Western Pacific Territories (1916–1949) | Tuvalu; Kiribati; Tokelau, New Zealand | ||
crown colony part of British Western Pacific Territories (1949–1975) | Tuvalu; Kiribati | ||
- Gilbert Islands | crown colony part of British Western Pacific Territories (1975–1976) | Kiribati | |
colony (1976–1979) | independence !T! abc /\\/ | " | |
- Ellice Islands | dependency part of British Western Pacific Territories (1975–1976) | Tuvalu | |
colony (1976–1978) | independence :±: !T! abc [X] /\\/ | " | |
Howland Island | claimed (1886-1935) | reclaimed by United States | Howland Island, United States |
Jarvis Island | annexed (1889-1935) | reclaimed by United States | Jarvis Island, United States |
Nauru | part of British Western Pacific Territories (1914–1920) | Nauru | |
League of Nations mandate part of British Western Pacific Territories (1920–1921) | " | ||
League of Nations mandate (1921-1942) | Japanese occupation | " | |
mandate (1945–1947) | " | ||
United Nations Trust Territory (1947–1968) | independence !T! abc /\\/ | " | |
New Hebrides | protectorate (1824–1878) | Vanuatu | |
neutral territory (1878–1887) | " | ||
joint naval commission (1887-1906) | " | ||
condominium part of British Western Pacific Territories (1906–1976) | " | ||
condominium (1976–1980) | independence !T! abc | " | |
New South Wales | colony (1788–1825) | New South Wales/Queensland/Tasmania/South Australia/Northern Territory/Victoria/Norfolk Island, Australia; New Zealand | |
colony (1825–1836) | New South Wales/Queensland/South Australia/Northern Territory/Victoria/Norfolk Island, Australia; New Zealand | ||
colony (1836–1841) | New South Wales/Queensland/Northern Territory/Victoria/Norfolk Island, Australia; New Zealand | ||
colony (1841–1844) | New South Wales/Queensland/Northern Territory/Victoria/Norfolk Island, Australia | ||
colony (1844–1851) | New South Wales/Queensland/Northern Territory/Victoria, Australia | ||
colony (1851–1859) | New South Wales/Queensland/Northern Territory, Australia | ||
colony (1859–1863) | New South Wales/Northern Territory, Australia | ||
colony (1863–1901) | state of Australia | New South Wales, Australia | |
- Lord Howe Island | claimed (1788–1834) | Lord Howe Island, Australia | |
settlement (1834–1855) | part of New South Wales | " | |
New Zealand | claimed (1769–1788) | New Zealand | |
part of New South Wales (1792–1835) | declared independence | " | |
protectorate (1835-1840) | " | ||
possession part of New South Wales (1840–1841) | " | ||
colony (1841-1907) | " | ||
dominion (1907-1947) | ratified Statute of Westminster :±: !T! abc [X] /\\/ | " | |
Niue | tripartite protectorate (1889–1900) | Niue, New Zealand | |
protectorate part of British Western Pacific Territories (1900–1901) | annexed to New Zealand | ||
Norfolk Island | settlement part of New South Wales (1788–1844) | Norfolk Island, Australia | |
part of colony of Van Diemen's Land (1844–1855) | " | ||
part of colony of Tasmania (1855-1856) | " | ||
subordinated to New South Wales (1856–1897) | dependency of New South Wales | " | |
Palmyra Atoll | annexed (1889-1898) | annexed by United States | Palmyra Atoll, United States |
Pitcairn Islands | protectorate (1838–1887) | Pitcairn, Pitcairn Islands | |
colony (1887–1898) | " | ||
part of British Western Pacific Territories (1898-1902) | " | ||
part of British Western Pacific Territories (1902–1970) | Pitcairn/Oeno/Henderson/Ducie, Pitcairn Islands | ||
colony (1970–1983) | " | ||
dependent territory (1983-2002) | " | ||
overseas territory (2002-) | :±: !T! abc /\\/ | " | |
Queensland | part of colony of New South Wales (1824–1859) | Queensland, Australia | |
colony (1859–1901) | state of Australia | " | |
- Torres Strait Islands | part of colony of Queensland (1879-1901) | part of Queensland | " |
- Coral Sea Islands | part of colony of Queensland (1879–1901) | " | Coral Sea Islands, Australia |
Samoa | tripartite protectorate (1889-1900) | !T! abc [X]annexed by Germany | Samoa; Niue, New Zealand; Solomon Islands; American Samoa, United States |
Sandwich Islands | protectorate (1794-10 February 1843) | independence | Hawaii, United States |
Ceded to Britain 10 February 1843 - 31 July 1843 | " | ||
South Australia | part of colony of New South Wales (1788–1836) | South Australia, Australia | |
province (1836–1863) | " | ||
province (1863-1901) | state of Australia | South Australia/Northern Territory, Australia | |
Van Diemen's Land | part of New South Wales (1803–1825) | Tasmania, Australia | |
colony (1825–1844) | " | ||
colony (1844-1855) | renamed | Norfolk Island/Tasmania, Australia | |
Tasmania | colony (1855–1856) | " | |
colony (1856-1901) | state of Australia | Tasmania, Australia | |
- Macquarie Island | part of colony of New South Wales (1810–1890) | Macquarie Island, Australia | |
part of colony of Tasmania (1890–1901) | part of Tasmania | " | |
Tokelau | protectorate (1889–1898) | Tokelau, New Zealand | |
protectorate part of British Western Pacific Territories (1898–1916) | " | ||
part of colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1916-1949) | transferred to New Zealand | " | |
Victoria | part of colony of New South Wales (1839–1851) | state of Australia | Victoria, Australia |
colony (1851–1901) | state of Australia | Victoria, Australia | |
Western Australia | |||
- King George Sound | settlement (1791–1829) | transferred from New South Wales | Western Australia, Australia |
- Swan River | colony (1829–1832) | renamed | " |
Western Australia | colony (1832-1901) | state of Australia | " |
Treaties and Acts of Parliament, etc.
This is a listing of the more important treaties, Acts of Parliament, and other legal instruments and events affecting the nature and territorial extent of the British Empire.- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Effective date | Name of treaty, etc. | Territorial effect |
---|---|---|
1536/1542 | Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542 | Wales annexed to the Kingdom of England |
1707 | Acts of Union 1707 | Scotland and England unite as the Kingdom of Great Britain |
1713 | Treaty of Utrecht | Spain cedes Gibraltar to Britain. France cedes Newfoundland, Hudson Bay and Acadie to Britain. |
1763 | Treaty of Paris | France cedes all its territories in America to Britain except Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islands. |
1776 | Declaration of Independence of the United States | The Thirteen Colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) assert independence |
1783 | Second Treaty of Paris | Great Britain formally recognises the independence of the United States. End of the American Revolution. |
1788 | New South Wales is established by settlement as a penal colony | |
1791 | Constitution Act | The Province of Quebec is divided in two sections Upper Canada (now Ontario) and Lower Canada (now Quebec). |
1801 | Act of Union 1800 | Ireland unites with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
1814 | Third Treaty of Paris | France cedes the Seychelles to Britain |
1840 | Treaty of Waitangi | New Zealand becomes a British colony |
1867 | British North America Act 1867 (known in Canada as the Confederation 1867) | The Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia federate as the Dominion of Canada |
1870 | Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are annexed to Canada | |
1871 | British Columbia becomes a province of Canada | |
1876 | proclamation under the Royal Titles Act 1876 | Queen Victoria adopts the title "Empress of India" |
1899 | Joint British-Egyptian condominium established over Sudan | |
1901 | proclamation under the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (1900) | The Commonwealth of Australia is formed by the federation of the colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania |
1910 | proclamation under the South Africa Act 1909 | Union of South Africa formed by the federation of the colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony |
1914 | Cyprus (Annexation) Order in Council 1914 | Cyprus formally annexed |
1920 | Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council 1920 | Most of the East Africa Protectorate is annexed as the Colony of Kenya |
1922 | Anglo-Irish Treaty | The Irish Free State is separated from the United Kingdom |
Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence | Egypt becomes independent | |
1931 | Statute of Westminster | Canada, the Irish Free State, and the Union of South Africa obtain effective sovereignty |
1934 | Financial difficulties result in Newfoundland losing its status as a dominion | |
1942 | Australia adopts the Statute of Westminster, backdated to 1939 | |
1947 | New Zealand adopts the Statute of Westminster | |
Indian Independence Act 1947 | British India is partitioned into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan | |
1948 | King George VI relinquishes the title "Emperor of India" | |
1949 | Newfoundland becomes a province of Canada | |
1960 | Nigeria Independence Act 1960 | The colony and protectorate of Nigeria become independent |
1962 | Jamaica Independence Act 1962 | Jamaica becomes independent |
1983 | The status of "colony" is renamed "dependent territory" | |
1997 | Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984) and the Hong Kong Act 1985 | Hong Kong is transferred to the People's Republic of China |
2002 | The status of "dependent territory" is renamed "British Overseas Territory |