East of the Nile valley is the Nubian desert, where permanent humn settlements becomes impossible. There along the Sudanese Red sea coasts, the Beja or the Medjay Nubian as known to the ancient Egyptians formed their own communities depending mainly on parture and subsistent agriculture in more southrly regions of el-Butana.
The Lybian desert , west of Nubia, is cossted of almost, endless stretches of sand-dunesthat dominate the landscape and continue across Sahara deserts of north and central africa.