The emergence of a ntion-state arguably continued in the last decade of the twentieth century as the Nicaraguan Revolution (1979-1990) ended, although independence came in 1823. despite periods of relative stability ( 1857-1893, 1936- 1977), power of conflicts between Liberal and Conservative elites were repeatedly violent from independence until 1960s.
The united States in 1911 installed a conservative regime to protect the US monopoly over the Panama canal, occpied Nicaragua (1912-1925) to contain Liberal rebellion. Liberal revolt again brought US occupation (1927-1933); US marines, and the US trained Nicaraguan National Guard fought anti-imperialist guirrilla Augusto Cesar Sandino who seized power in 1936 till he was assassinated in 1956. The power passed to his sons Luis (1956-1967), and the more repressive Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1967- 1979). the dictatorial dynastry promoted rapid economic " modernization characterised by "corruption, increased economic inequality, and deterioration of the PLN conservative parties. Spiraling repression eventually deepened opposition, spawned a revolutionary coalition headed by Frente Sandinista de Liberation National (FSLN) , and caused widespread popular insurrection that toppledthe regime in 1979.
